BAJMC NOTES

  The Hindi film industry, also known as Bollywood, has undergone significant changes in the 21st century. With advancements in technology, changes in audience preferences, and the influence of globalization, the face of Hindi cinema has transformed in many ways. Evolving Content: One of the most noticeable changes in Hindi cinema is the shift in content. Filmmakers are now more open to experimenting with different genres, themes, and storytelling techniques. Films like "Taare Zameen Par," "Queen," and "Bajrangi Bhaijaan" have pushed the boundaries and explored socially relevant issues, women's empowerment, and cross-border relationships. International Recognition: Hindi cinema has gained international recognition in the 21st century. Films like "Slumdog Millionaire," "Lagaan," and "Gully Boy" have been nominated and even won Oscars, bringing global attention to Bolly...

ANGRY YOUNG MAN The concept of the "Angry Young Man" emerged in Indian cinema during the late 1960s and early 1970s, primarily associated with Bollywood. It represented a shift away from the conventional romantic hero or the traditional, passive protagonist. This new archetype was characterized by a sense of rebellion, frustration, and disillusionment with the socio-political system, reflecting the changing social landscape of India during that period. The Angry Young Man persona was popularized by legendary actor Amitabh Bachchan, who played iconic roles in films like "Zanjeer" (1973), "Deewar" (1975), and "Sholay" (1975). These characters were typically working-class individuals who had been wronged by society or the establishment, and they responded with anger and defiance. They often took justice into their own hands and challenged the corrupt and unjust systems. The making of the Angry Young Man in Indian cinema can be attributed to se...

  The era of the making of superstars in Indian cinema can be traced back to the 1950s and 1960s. This was a period when the Indian film industry, popularly known as Bollywood, was going through a major transformation. Several factors contributed to the rise of superstars during this time. Firstly, the advent of technicolor and the introduction of song and dance sequences in films made them more entertaining and appealing to a wider audience. This led to the emergence of actors who were not only good at acting but also had a strong screen presence and could dance and sing. Secondly, the rise of playback singing and the playback singers like Lata Mangeshkar and Kishore Kumar added a new dimension to the films. The songs became an integral part of the films, and actors who could lip-sync well to these songs became popular. Thirdly, the film industry started to promote its stars aggressively. Film studios would sign actors under long-term contracts and invest heavily in their gr...

Parallel cinema in India refers to a movement in Indian cinema that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s as a response to the mainstream commercial cinema. It was characterized by its focus on realistic and socially relevant themes, as well as its rejection of the formulaic and melodramatic narratives of commercial cinema. Some of the key figures associated with parallel cinema in India include filmmakers like Satyajit Ray, Ritwik Ghatak, and Mrinal Sen. These directors were known for their exploration of complex and layered characters, as well as their use of unconventional storytelling techniques. Parallel cinema also often featured non-professional actors and was shot on location, giving it a more authentic and naturalistic feel. It was also known for its willingness to tackle taboo subjects and address social issues such as poverty, caste discrimination, and gender inequality. On the other hand, commercial cinema in India, also known as Bollywood, is characterized by its focus on ...

The Golden Era of Indian Cinema refers to a period in Indian film history that is often considered its most creative and prolific. This era is typically said to have spanned from the late 1940s to the early 1960s, although some argue that it extended into the 1970s. During this time, Indian cinema saw a significant increase in the production of high-quality films that explored a wide range of themes and genres. Some of the most iconic and influential films in Indian cinema history were made during this period. One of the key features of the Golden Era was the emergence of several legendary filmmakers and actors who left an indelible mark on Indian cinema. Directors like Guru Dutt, Bimal Roy, Raj Kapoor, and Satyajit Ray produced timeless classics that continue to be celebrated today. Similarly, actors like Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor, Nargis, and Dev Anand became household names and garnered immense popularity. One of the defining characteristics of the Golden Era was the emphasis ...

  India has a rich tradition of cinema, with a diverse range of films being produced in various languages and regions of the country. Here are some of the prominent cinemas of India: 1.     Bollywood: Bollywood is the largest and most popular film industry in India, based in Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay). It produces a significant number of Hindi-language films every year, known for their colorful musicals and dramatic storytelling. Bollywood has a massive following not only in India but also among the Indian diaspora worldwide. 2.     Tollywood: Tollywood is the Telugu-language film industry, primarily based in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. It is known for producing a large number of commercially successful films, often featuring big-budget productions and talented actors. 3.     Kollywood: Kollywood is the Tamil-language film industry, primarily based in the southern state of Tamil Nadu. It has gained re...

  The advent of talkies in India marked a significant turning point in the history of Indian cinema. It brought about a revolution in the way films were made and consumed in the country. The first Indian talkie film, "Alam Ara," was released in 1931 by Ardeshir Irani. It was a historical moment for Indian cinema, as it marked the end of the silent film era and the beginning of a new era of sound and music in films. The introduction of sound in films was initially met with skepticism and resistance by some filmmakers and actors who were comfortable with the silent film format. However, it quickly gained popularity among the masses, and talkies became the new norm in Indian cinema. With the advent of sound, filmmakers could now incorporate dialogues, songs, and music into their films, which added a new dimension to storytelling. This change led to the emergence of talented playback singers and music directors in the industry. Actors who were able to adapt to the new med...

  The Silent Era in Indian Cinema refers to the period in Indian film history when films were made without synchronized sound. This era roughly spanned from the late 19th century to the early 1930s. Introduction of Cinematography: The first introduction of cinematography in India dates back to the late 19th century when the Lumiere Brothers showcased their films in Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1896. This marked the beginning of Indian cinema. Early Silent Films: The first Indian silent film, "Raja Harishchandra," was released in 1913. It was directed by Dadasaheb Phalke, who is often considered the father of Indian cinema. The film was a huge success and led to the production of more silent films. Growth of Indian Silent Cinema: The silent era saw the emergence of prominent filmmakers such as Dadasaheb Phalke, Baburao Painter, and Ardeshir Irani. Many of their films were mythological or historical in nature, reflecting the preval...

There are various formats of television programmes, each with its own unique style and purpose. Some common formats include: Drama series: These are scripted shows that follow a storyline with a recurring cast of characters. They often explore complex narratives and character development over multiple episodes or seasons. Sitcoms (Situation Comedies): Sitcoms are comedy series that focus on humor and comedic situations. They often feature a recurring cast of characters and are typically set in a specific location, such as a family home or workplace. Reality shows: Reality shows capture real-life events and interactions, often involving real people rather than actors. They can include competition shows like "Survivor" or "The Bachelor," as well as documentary-style shows like "Keeping Up with the Kardashians." Game shows: Game shows involve contestants who participate in various games or ...

  TV soap operas in India have played a significant role in shaping and reflecting the society's norms, values, and cultural dynamics. These serialized dramas have become an integral part of Indian television programming and have a massive viewership across the country. Here are some key aspects of how TV soap operas impact Indian society: Representation of Social Issues: Indian soap operas often address pressing social issues such as women's rights, child marriage, dowry, domestic violence, and more. They serve as a platform to create awareness and initiate discussions on these topics. For instance, shows like "Balika Vadhu" tackled the issue of child marriage, leading to changes in societal perceptions. Influence on Fashion and Lifestyle: TV soap operas are known for their glamorous depiction of characters, leading to fashion trends and lifestyle choices. From traditional attire to modern fashion, viewers often emulate t...

  Direct-to-Home (DTH) television services were introduced in India in the early 2000s as an alternative to cable television. The concept of DTH originated from the need for better picture quality and signal reception in remote areas of the country where cable TV services were limited. In 2003, the Indian government allowed private companies to enter the DTH market, leading to the launch of various DTH operators such as Dish TV, Tata Sky, Airtel Digital TV, and Videocon d2h. These companies offered a wide range of channel packages and services, which attracted a large customer base. DTH services revolutionized the Indian television industry by providing better quality and a wider variety of channels to viewers. They also introduced the concept of interactive services like video-on-demand, pay-per-view, and interactive gaming. Over the years, DTH services in India have grown substantially in terms of subscribers and revenue. As of 2021, there are over 70 million DTH subscriber...

  Demassification in TV in India refers to the shift from mass-produced, one-size-fits-all television content to more personalized and niche programming. This trend has been driven by various factors, including technological advancements, changing viewer preferences, and increased competition in the media industry. Technological Advancements: The proliferation of high-speed internet and the availability of affordable smartphones and smart TVs have allowed viewers to access content from a variety of sources. Streaming platforms like Netflix, Amazon Prime, Disney+ Hotstar, and regional players like Zee5 and Voot have disrupted the traditional TV landscape by offering a vast library of content on-demand. Changing Viewer Preferences: Viewers are increasingly seeking content that caters to their specific interests and tastes. Demassification allows them to choose from a wide range of genres, languages, and formats. From binge-watching web...

    Cable and satellite TV channels refer to television channels that are distributed through cable or satellite networks to viewers' homes. These channels offer a wide variety of content, including news, entertainment, sports, and more. In the context of India, cable and satellite TV have played a significant role in shaping the country's media landscape. Here's an explanation of each type and its significance in India: Cable TV Channels: Cable television channels are delivered through a wired network of cables to individual households. Cable TV in India has been a popular choice due to its affordability and widespread availability, particularly in rural areas. The cable TV industry in India has seen significant growth over the years, with multiple local cable operators offering a range of channels and packages to subscribers. Local cable operators often have the flexibility to customize channel package...

TYPES OF TRANSMISSIONS There are several types of transmissions in TV broadcasting, including: 1.      Analog transmission: This is the traditional method of broadcasting television signals, where audio and video signals are sent in analog form through electromagnetic waves. It is now mostly obsolete due to the digital transition. 2.      Digital transmission: This is the current standard for TV broadcasting, where audio and video signals are converted into digital data and transmitted through electromagnetic waves. Digital transmission provides better picture and sound quality, as well as more channels and interactive features. 3.      Satellite transmission: TV signals can be transmitted via satellite by sending the signal to a satellite in space, which then beams it back to Earth for reception by satellite dishes. This is commonly used for broadcasting national and international channels. 4.    ...

  The Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) was a landmark educational program that used satellite technology to broadcast instructional content to rural and remote areas in India. It was launched in 1975 as a joint collaboration between the Indian government, NASA, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The primary objective of SITE was to provide high-quality educational programming to underserved populations in India, particularly in rural areas where access to traditional educational resources was limited. The program aimed to improve literacy rates, promote scientific and technological literacy, and enhance overall education in the country. Key features of the SITE program included: Satellite Broadcasts: SITE utilized the ATS-6 satellite, which was equipped with a special instructional television (ITV) transponder. This allowed for the transmission of educational content directly to receiving stations in India. Schedul...

  Over the years, the Government of India established a number of committees and working groups to study various aspects and issues concerning the electronic media. The UNESCO also established an International Commission for the Study of Communication Problems, popularly known as McBride Commission (1977-79). The reports ofthese bodies are a valuable contribution to the media literature and constitute precious body of information. Salient features of reports and recommendations of some of the committees are summarized in the discussion below: 1. Committee on Broadcasting and Information Media (1964) This committee, also popularly known as the Chanda Committee constituted in December 1964, presented the Report on Radio and Television in April 1966. The Committee observed: It is not possible in the Indian context for a creative medium like broadcasting to flourish under a regiment (sic) of departmental rules and regulations. It is onlyby an institutional change that AIR can be ...

  History of TV in India The history of television in India can be divided into several phases, each marked by significant developments and milestones. Television has played a crucial role in shaping Indian culture, society, and politics. In this essay, we will explore the history of TV in India from its inception to the present day, highlighting key events and trends. Post-Independence and Early Years (1950s-1960s): After gaining independence in 1947, India saw a resurgence in efforts to establish television services. In 1959, India's first television station, Doordarshan, was established in Delhi as part of the All India Radio (AIR). Television broadcasts initially consisted of cultural and educational programs with limited reach. Expansion and Color TV (1970s-1980s): The 1970s witnessed the expansion of television services to other major cities in India. In 1982, India hosted the Asian Games, which prompted the government to introduce color television transmission. The Asian Gam...

    1. Announcements:  These are specifically written clear messages to inform. They can be of different types. These announcements have become informal and resemble ordinary conversation. 2. Radio talk:  The radio talk probably is the oldest format on radio. There has been a tradition in India and Britain to invite experts or prominent persons to speak for 10 or 15 minutes on a specific topic. These talks have to go through a process of being changed into radio’s spoken word style. Over these long radio talks have become unpopular. Instead, today, shorter duration talks are broadcast. Of course, we can listen to these talks only on public service broadcasting stations. 3. Radio interviews:   In the media, be it the newspaper, magazine, radio or television, journalists use this technique of asking questions to get information. There can be different types of interviews in terms of their duration, content and purpose. Firstly, ther...