BAJMC NOTES

  Broadcasting on All India Radio by individuals will not permit the following: Criticism of friendly countries. Attack on religion or communities. Anything obscene or defamatory. Incitement to violence or anything against maintenance of law and order. Anything amounting to contempt of Court. Aspersion against the integrity of the President, Governors and the Judiciary. Attack on a political party by name. Hostile criticism of any State or the Centre. Anything showing disrespect to the constitution or advocating change​ ​in the Constitution by violent means (but advocating changes in a​ ​constitutional way should not be debarred). Doordarshan Commercial Code 1. Advertising shall be so designed as to conform to the laws of the countryand should not offend morality, decency and religious susceptibilities of thepeople. 2. No Advertisement shall be permitted which- (i) derides any race, caste, colour, c...

  In India, the Press Council and Press Commissions play important roles in regulating and overseeing the print media industry, ensuring the freedom of the press while also maintaining ethical standards. Here's an overview of both: Press Council of India (PCI): The Press Council of India is a statutory body established under the Press Council Act of 1978. Its primary objective is to preserve the freedom of the press and maintain high standards of journalism in India. The PCI consists of a Chairman and 28 other members, including journalists, editors, and media professionals. It adjudicates complaints against the print media for violation of journalistic ethics and professional misconduct. The PCI can warn, censure, admonish, or even disapprove of the conduct of a newspaper, news agency, or journalist found guilty of misconduct. It also formulates guidelines and standards for journalistic ...

  Contempt of court in India refers to the willful disobedience or disregard of the authority, dignity, or orders of a court. It is an offense that can be committed by individuals, organizations, or entities that hinder the administration of justice or undermine the authority of the judiciary. Contempt of court is considered a serious offense because it can interfere with the fair and impartial functioning of the legal system. In India, contempt of court is governed by the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971. There are two main types of contempt under this act: Civil Contempt: Civil contempt refers to the willful disobedience of any judgment, decree, direction, order, writ, or other processes of a court or willful breach of an undertaking given to a court. This can include actions like failing to comply with court orders or interfering with the course of justice. Criminal Contempt: Criminal contempt refers to any act that scandalizes, lowers the ...

  Defamation in India is governed by both civil and criminal laws. The primary legislation dealing with defamation is the Indian Penal Code (IPC) under Section 499 and Section 500, which outline the criminal aspects of defamation. Additionally, there are civil remedies available for defamation under the law of torts. Here's an explanation of defamation law in India: Definition of Defamation : Defamation is defined under Section 499 of the IPC as any statement that: a. Imputes any person with a false statement, either orally or in writing, or through signs or visible representations. b. The statement must harm the reputation of the person against whom it is made. c. The statement must be published, i.e., communicated to a third party. Exceptions to Defamation : There are several exceptions listed under Section 499 that include: a. Truth: A statement that is true and can be proven is a valid defense against ...

  Freedom of speech and expression is a fundamental right guaranteed by the Constitution of India under Article 19(1)(a). It is a cornerstone of democratic principles and is essential for the functioning of a free and open society. However, like in many countries, freedom of speech and expression in India is subject to certain reasonable restrictions, which are outlined in Article 19(2). These restrictions are imposed to protect the sovereignty and integrity of India, maintain public order, and protect the interests of the state. Here are some key points regarding freedom of speech and expression in India: Constitutional Guarantee: Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution states that all citizens have the right to freedom of speech and expression. This includes the freedom to express one's thoughts, opinions, beliefs, and ideas through various forms such as speech, writing, printing, and visual representations. Reasonable Restrictions: While...

  In India, Fundamental Rights are a set of constitutional provisions that guarantee certain basic rights and freedoms to all citizens. These rights are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Indian Constitution and are considered the cornerstone of Indian democracy. These rights are justifiable, meaning that citizens can approach the courts if they believe their Fundamental Rights are being violated by the government. Here are the key Fundamental Rights in India: Right to Equality (Articles 14-18): Article 14: Equality before the law and equal protection of the law. Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. Article 16: Equality of opportunity in public employment. Article 17: Abolition of "untouchability." Article 18: Abolition of titles and awards. Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22): Article 19: Protection of certain right...

  The nature and scope of media laws in India encompass a wide range of legal provisions and regulations that govern various aspects of the media industry, including print, broadcast, digital, and online media. These laws are designed to strike a balance between freedom of expression and the need to regulate media activities to protect individual rights, maintain public order, and ensure responsible journalism. Here's an overview of the nature and scope of media laws in India: Constitutional Provisions : The Indian Constitution guarantees the fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1)(a). However, this right is not absolute and can be subject to reasonable restrictions in the interests of sovereignty and integrity of India, security of the state, friendly relations with foreign states, public order, decency, or morality. Defamation Laws : Indian media laws include provisions related to defamation, which ca...

  Piracy in media refers to the unauthorized distribution, reproduction, or sharing of copyrighted content, such as movies, music, software, books, and other forms of digital media. It is a complex issue that has significant economic, legal, and ethical implications. Here are some key points to consider regarding piracy in media: Economic Impact : Piracy can have a detrimental effect on the revenue of content creators and the media industry as a whole. When people access or download content for free, it reduces the potential profits that creators and distributors could have earned through legal sales and licensing. Legal Framework : Most countries have copyright laws in place to protect the intellectual property rights of content creators. Engaging in piracy is illegal and can result in fines, lawsuits, and, in extreme cases, imprisonment. However, the enforcement of these laws can be challenging due to the global nature of the int...

  Objectivity, fairness, bias, and sensationalism are important concepts in journalism and media that shape how information is presented to the public. Here's an overview of each of these concepts: Objectivity: Objectivity is the principle of presenting information in a neutral and impartial manner, free from personal biases, emotions, or opinions. In journalism, the goal is to report facts and provide a balanced view of a story without taking a stance or favoring one side over another. Objectivity ensures that the audience can make their own informed judgments based on the information presented. However, complete objectivity can be challenging to achieve because reporters and editors can still unintentionally introduce biases through the selection of stories, language used, or framing of issues. Nonetheless, it remains a fundamental goal in responsible journalism. Fairness & Bias: Fairness in journalism involves treating all side...

  "Trial by media" is a term that refers to the phenomenon where a high-profile legal case, often involving a celebrity or a particularly sensational crime, receives extensive and sometimes biased coverage in the media, which can influence public opinion and potentially impact the outcome of the trial. This can occur through various forms of media, including television, newspapers, radio, and, more recently, social media. Here are some key points to understand about trial by media: Sensationalism : Media outlets may sensationalize certain aspects of a case to attract more viewers or readers. This can include dramatizing the details of a crime, focusing on salacious or emotional elements, or using provocative headlines. Bias and Prejudgment : Media coverage can sometimes lead to public bias or prejudgment of the accused before they have had their day in court. This can make it challenging to find an impartial jury, which is crucial in...

  Film magazines and supplements, often found within newspapers (NPs), are publications dedicated to the world of cinema. They provide readers with information, reviews, interviews, and features related to movies, actors, directors, and the film industry as a whole. These publications can be an excellent source of entertainment and information for film enthusiasts. Here's a brief overview of film magazines and supplements in NPs: Film Magazines: These are standalone publications specifically focused on the film industry. They are usually available in print and digital formats. Some well-known film magazines include: Empire: A popular British film magazine known for its in-depth features, reviews, and interviews with industry professionals. Variety: An influential American entertainment trade magazine that covers the film, television, and theater industries. Total Film: A UK-based magazine that offers comprehensive cove...

  A film review is a critical evaluation or analysis of a movie that provides insights into its various aspects such as its plot, characters, direction, cinematography, sound, and overall entertainment value. The primary purpose of a film review is to inform and guide potential viewers by offering an informed opinion on whether the movie is worth watching or not. Here's how to structure and explain a film review: Introduction : Start your review with a brief introduction that includes the movie's title, director, release date, and genre. You can also mention any significant background information or context that might be relevant. Summary : Provide a concise summary of the movie's plot without giving away too many spoilers. Focus on the main storyline and key events. Analysis : This is the heart of your review. Break down the movie's various elements and offer your analysis and opinion on each of them:...

  Film publicity techniques are strategies and methods employed by film studios, distributors, and marketing teams to create awareness and generate interest in a film before and after its release. Effective publicity is crucial for a film's success as it can help build anticipation and attract a wider audience. Here are some common film publicity techniques: Official Website and Social Media: Create an official website and social media profiles for the film. Regularly update these platforms with trailers, posters, behind-the-scenes content, and news about the film's progress. Teaser Trailers: Release teaser trailers to provide a sneak peek of the film's tone and story. Teasers can generate buzz and anticipation long before the official trailer is released. Official Trailer: Release a full-length official trailer closer to the film's release date. Trailers are often shared on various online platforms, including YouT...

  The distribution and exhibition of films in India involve various processes and entities responsible for bringing movies to audiences across the country. India has a thriving film industry known for producing a wide range of movies in different languages, with Bollywood being the most prominent. Here's an overview of the distribution and exhibition process in India: Film Production : The process begins with the production of a film. Producers are responsible for financing, assembling the cast and crew, and overseeing the filmmaking process. Censorship : Before a film can be distributed and exhibited, it must be certified by the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC). The CBFC reviews films and assigns a certification based on their content (e.g., U, UA, A) to ensure they comply with India's censorship guidelines. Distribution : Once a film is ready for release, the distribution process begins. Distribution involves sell...

  There were several technological innovations and trends in the cinema industry that were gaining traction. However, please note that the information may have evolved since then, and I recommend checking the latest news and industry updates for the most current developments. Here are some of the trends and innovations that were prominent at that time: Immersive Technologies : Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) were becoming increasingly integrated into the cinema experience. VR allowed for immersive storytelling experiences, and AR enhanced interactivity within movie theaters. High Frame Rate (HFR) and High Dynamic Range (HDR) : Filmmakers were experimenting with higher frame rates and dynamic range to create more lifelike and visually stunning experiences. For instance, Peter Jackson's "The Hobbit" trilogy was filmed at 48 frames per second (fps) instead of the traditional 24 fps. 3D Technology : Whi...

  Film budgeting is the process of estimating and planning the financial resources required to produce a film or movie. It is a crucial aspect of film production as it helps ensure that the project stays within its financial constraints and is completed successfully. Film budgeting involves a detailed breakdown of all the costs associated with making a film, from pre-production to post-production and distribution. Here are the key steps and elements involved in film budgeting: Script Analysis : The first step in budgeting for a film is to thoroughly analyze the script. This involves identifying all the locations, characters, special effects, stunts, and any other elements that will require budgetary consideration. Pre-Production Costs : These are the expenses incurred before actual filming begins. They include items like script development, casting, location scouting, permits, and pre-visualization. Production Costs : This is the larg...

  Mrinal Sen, Shyam Benegal, and Mani Ratnam are all renowned Indian film directors who have made significant contributions to Indian cinema. Here's a brief overview of each director: Mrinal Sen: Mrinal Sen was a prominent Indian filmmaker known for his contributions to the parallel cinema movement in India. He was born on May 14, 1923, and passed away on December 30, 2018. Sen's films often explored social and political issues in India, and he was considered one of the pioneers of parallel cinema alongside Satyajit Ray and Ritwik Ghatak. Some of his notable films include "Bhuvan Shome," "Akash Kusum," "Chorus," and "Ek Din Pratidin." These films are known for their realistic and thought-provoking storytelling. Shyam Benegal: Shyam Benegal is another prominent Indian filmmaker known for his work in both parallel and mainstream cinema. He wa...

  Satyajit Ray was one of India's most celebrated and influential film directors, known for his contributions to Indian cinema and his significant impact on world cinema. Here are some prominent film directors who are often discussed in relation to Satyajit Ray: Ritwik Ghatak : Another prominent director from the Bengali film industry, Ritwik Ghatak, is often compared to Satyajit Ray. Ghatak's films, like "Meghe Dhaka Tara" and "Subarnarekha," often explored themes of partition and the human condition. Both directors had a profound impact on Bengali cinema and were contemporaries. Mrinal Sen : Mrinal Sen was another renowned Bengali director who emerged around the same time as Satyajit Ray. His films, such as "Bhuvan Shome" and "Akaler Sandhane," were known for their realism and social commentary, much like Ray's works. The trio of Ray, Ghatak, and Sen are often referred to as th...

  Punjabi and Haryanvi cinema are two regional film industries in India that have seen both successes and challenges. Here are some of the problems they have faced and their potential future prospects: Problems: Limited Audience Reach: One of the significant challenges for Punjabi and Haryanvi cinema is the limited audience base compared to mainstream Bollywood. These industries primarily cater to regional audiences, which restricts their reach and revenue potential. Low Budgets: These industries often operate on lower budgets compared to Bollywood, which can affect the overall production quality and limit the scope for experimentation. Content Quality: The quality of content, including storytelling, screenplay, and production values, has been inconsistent. While there have been successful films, there is a need for more consistent high-quality content. Lack of Infrastructure: The lack of adequate infrastru...

  North India has a rich and diverse tradition of regional cinema that reflects the cultural, linguistic, and social diversity of the region. Some of the prominent regional cinemas in North India include: Punjabi Cinema: Punjabi cinema is known for its lively and colorful storytelling, often revolving around themes like love, family, and culture. Music plays a significant role in Punjabi films, with many movies featuring catchy songs and dance sequences. Some actors who have made a mark in Punjabi cinema and later transitioned to Bollywood include Diljit Dosanjh and Gippy Grewal. Films like "Punjab 1984" explore sensitive topics like the Punjab insurgency, while comedies like "Carry On Jatta" are immensely popular for their humor. Bhojpuri Cinema: Bhojpuri cinema primarily caters to the Bhojpuri-speaking population, which is spread across regions of Bihar and easte...